03 Rooney (jr/d)
نویسنده
چکیده
Deer impacts on woodlands and forests are not confined to Europe. Significant deer impacts on forests have been recorded in New Zealand (Stewart and Burrows, 1989), Japan (Shimoda et al., 1994), and the United States (Alverson et al., 1988; Stromayer and Warren, 1997; Waller and Alverson, 1997). This paper focuses on deer impacts in North America, and draws on my own research over the past 5 years. There are three taxa of deer endemic to North America: the mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus hemionus), black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus) and white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). Whereas the mule deer and black-tailed deer are confined to western North America, the white-tailed deer is found throughout the temperate and north tropic zones of the western hemisphere. Both mule deer and black-tailed deer occasionally become overabundant in some places and in some years, particularly on predator-free islands and in urban parks (McCullough et al., 1997). When their densities are high, mule deer have severe impacts on sagebrush (Artemisia spp.) communities (McArthur et al., 1988; Singer and Renkin, 1995), and blacktailed deer damage unprotected tree seedlings (Sullivan et al., 1985). Most studies of deer impacts in North America concern white-tailed deer, which generally achieve the highest densities. Deer impacts on forest ecosystems: a North American perspective
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